UNIX Commands/ Oracle Performance monitor

Question1
Command System activity report (sar)

The sar command is defined to have the general task of collecting, reporting or rather saving the information resulted from the system activities. The sar command initiates the writing onto the standard data/ information output the selected information regarding a cumulative activity counter performed in the operating system. The command is applicable in the sense of displaying the reports according to the duration that the system takes in writing the information. In the accounting system, the values can be outlined in count and the interval parameters and in this case the system will write the information depending on the intervals in seconds’ time. When the interval parameter is set at zero, then the sar command will only display the average statistics for the duration from the time the system was started. On the other hand the system interval parameter is defined and specified in absence of a count parameter then the sar command will generate reports continuously. Sar command is used for real time monitoring of the linux system performance in statistics (Prasad, 2014. The sar command is also applicable in collecting and storing information upon analysis bottlenecks are easily identified (Nataraj, 2011).

The Unix “Who” command

The who command is very useful for the display and printing of the information that related to the end users of the systems that are currently logged in the system. The who commands is executed for a duration of approximately 5 minutes and in the displays it displays the following information. the list of the users logged in the system, the time of the last boot, a list of dead processes, the list of login processes, counting of the login names and generally displaying the information of the logged on end users. The purpose of the who command is to display the end users logged on the systems. if person bypasses the server you can use the command to determined the persons that logged on your server (Gite, 2014).

Question 2A
Cumulative statistics
The cumulative statistics is described under cumulative probability and the cumulative frequency as well. The cumulative frequency defines the number of observations made that lies either above or below the particular value defined in the data set. And it is achieved or rather calculated by the use of the frequency distribution table.teh cumulative frequency is the same as the cumulative percentages though the percentage is advantaged with the power of easily comparing the sets of data. The cumulative probability is described as the probability that describes the value within a random variable will tend to fall within a specified value range.

Database metrics
Database metrics describes the activities undertaken about monitoring the performance of the database. The performance metrics are applied in the assessment of the health of the enterprise database. The metrics can focus on eth business transactions, the query performance, user and query conflicts, the capacity, configuration and the NoSQL databases (Habib, 2015). At times, the metrics are defined as long-term o average and they include the throughput, execution time, the concurrency and utilization.

Question 2B
Automatic workload capture feature
The workloads capture module s quite applicable in the monitoring of the external users activities and related transactions. The feature facilitates monitoring by recording the entire requests made by the database external users to the Oracle database. Once the feature is enabled, all the request done by the external users are redirected and stored in the capture files and this will facilitate the tracking of the transaction done by the external users. The capture files stores the information of SQL text, the bind values and the transaction information (Oracle, n.d).

Automatic performance diagnostic feature
The feature is applied when a problem is felt to have occurred within the database and thus the necessity of performing accurate and timely diagnosis of the developed problem before any measure of making changes.Teh automatic database diagnostic monitor undertakes an analysis of a top down series with the prior identification of the symptoms and then refining the symptoms until the cause of the performance problem is determined.

Nature of Theory

Introduction
The word theory is a common term used in different fields and at different occasions to mean almost the same thing. Though different words may be used to help conceptualize what constitutes a theory, the central idea is that a theory is a tool that helps deduce why things are the way they are. I this paper, I will discuss the general definition of a theory, and then the nature and the different basic types of theory, the various views of what constitutes a theory and lastly, what distinguishes a theory from related concepts such as hypothesis, paradigm, model, and concept.

Nature and types of theory
Nature of Theory
As said earlier, theories are tools that aid human understanding about a particular subject matter. As such, a theory, though may not be scientifically verifiable is relied upon to produce logicality about a phenomenon of interest no matter how complex it may be or seem. Here we deduce that a theory abstract rather than perfectly realistic in nature.

A theory is syntactic in nature. That implies that it only becomes meaningful when given a semantic component or when applied to some content. Besides, theories are mainly expressed in some natural language though are mostly constructed in such a way that they can be modified to fit in explaining a variety of phenomena. Theories can also be expressed mathematically or symbolically as long as they follow the principles of logic and rational thought (Stam, 2009).

Apparently, a theory is majorly constructed by a set of sentences consisting of ‘true’ statements though the truth of any one of these statements is always about the whole theory. Therefore, the same statement may be true with respect to one theory, and not true with respect to another. For instance, a literary theory like “He is a good person” can only be proven to be true by first seeking the truth about the ‘He’ character. Two theories are said to have the same explanatory power if they can make same predictions. Such a pair of theories is called indistinguishable or observationally equivalent theories (Zima, 2012).

Types of theory
There are many kinds of theories. However, they all can be classified into two main categories namely scientific and philosophical.

Philosophical Theories
This class consists of theories whose subject and conclusions are not founded on empirical data, but rather on a person’s ideas. That implies that many elementary philosophical theories are just perceptive statements whose truthfulness cannot be scientifically tested. Examples of relevant philosophical theories include the following:

Meta-theory
Meta-theory is a type of philosophical theory whose subject matter is another theory. In other words, meta-theory is a theory about a theory (Stam, 2009).

Political theories
This theory is another type of philosophical theory political theory which tries to explain how the law and government are. Many times, “political theory” points to a general view, or political belief and attitudes about politics (Gelso, 2006).

Scientific Theories
Unlike philosophical theories, scientific theories attempt to explain the why of natural phenomena and processes by the use of well-substantiated evidence. As such, a scientific theory explains an aspect of the natural world using scientific theories such as repeated tests and experimentation. A mathematical theory such as the Newton’s Theory of Gravity is an example of a scientific theory. Among other examples of scientific theories include Einstein’s Theory of Relativity and Mendeleev’s theory of the Periodic Table (Zima, 2012).

What constitutes a theory?
According to Gelso, (2006), a theory can be speculative of scientific. As such, it can be used to inform hard facts or general facts about a phenomenon of interest. Corvellec (2013), says that a theory can be mathematical or literary. It can be used to explain how some mathematical formulas came into being or why some people behave the way they do.

UPSC NDA II EXAM 2024 NOTIFICATION DETAILS

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